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A panorama of health inequalities in Brazil

Celia Landmann-Szwarcwald, James Macinko

 

International Journal for Equity in Health, (2016) 15:177

Published online: 17 November 2016

 

Abstract / Resumen:

“Brazil is well known as a country with extremes in income and other social inequalities. But in recent years, Brazil has made considerable strides in extending a range of social protections to the entire population. Notable accomplishments include achieving nearly universal health coverage, expanding community-based primary care and providing a robust conditional cash transfer program. This special edition of the International Journal for Equity in Health presents an overview of health inequities in contemporary Brazil. It provides a summary of progress made and identifies priority areas that will require additional efforts. The articles contained in the issue vary considerably in their methods and approach, but all make use of data from the most recent Brazilian National Health Survey or Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS 2013).

Based on strong evidence of the association between an individual’s (and even a society’s) social and economic circumstances and their health, monitoring health inequalities has become an essential feature of measuring national health progress and development. Such monitoring has shown not only that health inequalities are present in nearly every nation, but that their magnitude represents a social gradient that extends from the most to the least privileged in society. This implies that policies and programs must be assessed not only in terms of changes they may make in the aggregate, but also to the extent to which they reduce social inequalities among different population groups. Given the many types of health outcomes and the many factors by which different populations can be compared, such monitoring and evaluation is a daunting task that must be based on relevant, reliable, and frequent data collection and analysis…”

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See also / Vea también:

Special edition of the International Journal for Equity in Health - overview of health inequities in contemporary Brazil

 

·         Michael Marmot. Commentary. Brazil: rapid progress and the challenge of inequality. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:177

 

·         Cesar Victora. Socioeconomic inequalities in Health: Reflections on the academic production from Brazil. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:164

 

·         Claudia Souza Lopes, Natália Hellwig, Gulnar de Azevedo e Silva and Paulo Rossi Menezes. Inequities in access to depression treatment: results of the Brazilian National Health Survey – PNS. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:154

 

·         Deborah Carvalho Malta, Regina Tomie Ivata Bernal, Maria de Fatima Marinho de Souza, Celia Landman Szwarcwald, Margareth Guimarães Lima and Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:153

 

·         Inês Dourado, Maria Guadalupe Medina and Rosana Aquino. The effect of the Family Health Strategy on usual source of care in Brazil: data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS 2013). International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:151

 

·         Cristiano Siqueira Boccolini and Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Junior. Inequities in Healthcare utilization: results of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:150

 

·         Giovanny V. A. França, María Clara Restrepo-Méndez, Maria Fátima S. Maia, Cesar G. Victora and Aluísio J. D. Barros. Coverage and equity in reproductive and maternal health interventions in Brazil: impressive progress following the implementation of the Unified Health System. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:149

 

·         Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros, Margareth Guimarães Lima, Lhais de Paula Barbosa Medina, Celia Landman Szwarcwald and Deborah Carvalho Malta. Social inequalities in health behaviors among Brazilian adults: National Health Survey, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:148

 

·         Ronaldo Fernandes Santos Alves and Eduardo Faerstein. Educational inequalities in hypertension: complex patterns in intersections with gender and race in Brazil. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:146

 

·         Otaliba Libanio Morais Neto, Ana Lúcia Andrade, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Polyana Maria Pimenta Mandacarú and Gabriela Camargo Tobias. Regional disparities in road traffic injuries and their determinants in Brazil, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:142

 

·         Célia Landmann Szwarcwald, Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Júnior, Aline Pinto Marques, Wanessa da Silva de Almeida and Dalia Elena Romero Montilla. Inequalities in healthy life expectancy by Brazilian geographic regions: findings from the National Health Survey, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:141

 

·         Pricila Mullachery, Diana Silver and James Macinko. Changes in health care inequity in Brazil between 2008 and 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:140

 

·         Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez and Flavia C. D. Andrade. Time trends in adult chronic disease inequalities by education in Brazil: 1998–2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:139

 

·         Mariana V. Gattegno, Jasmine D. Wilkins and Dabney P. Evans. The relationship between the Maria da Penha Law and intimate partner violence in two Brazilian states. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:138

 

·         Ma.Fernanda Lima-Costa, Juliana V. M. Mambrini, Sérgio V. Peixoto, Deborah C. Malta and James Macinko. Socioeconomic inequalities in activities of daily living limitations and in the provision of informal and formal care for noninstitutionalized older Brazilians: National Health Survey, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:137

 

·         Mariza Miranda Theme Filha, Maria do Carmo Leal, Elaine Fernandes Viellas de Oliveira, Ana Paula Esteves-Pereira and Silvana Granado Nogueira da Gama. Regional and social inequalities in the performance of Pap test and screening mammography and their correlation with lifestyle: Brazilian national health survey, 2013. International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:136

 

Keywords / Palabras clave:

Health Equity; Health Inequalities; Social Inequalities; Universal Health Coverage; Social Justice; Violence; Life Course; Social Determinants; Healthcare; Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde); Brazil.

 

** The author/source alone is responsible for the views expressed in this article/publication or information resource, and they do not necessarily represent the positions, decisions or policies of the Pan American Health Organization. = El autor/fuente es el único responsable por las opiniones expresadas en este artículo/publicación o recurso de información y no necesariamente representan las posiciones, decisiones o políticas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.

 

               

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